# Frontrunning Considerations and Parameter Confidentiality

TWAP strategies, especially when executed on fixed, predictable intervals (e.g. every 1 minute), can be vulnerable to frontrunning or anticipatory trading—particularly in illiquid markets. An external observer monitoring the chain might attempt to front-run a known pattern by entering positions shortly before the TWAP executes and exiting afterward.

**What Can Be Seen On-Chain**

When a TWAP executes, each transaction is broadcast and mined like any other on-chain action. This means:

* Observers **can see** the transaction payload (e.g. token pair, amount, swap route, and timestamp)
* Observers **cannot see** the full scope of the automation (e.g. how long it will run or how many intervals are left)

**What Remains Private**

Critical parameters such as:

* **Total duration**
* **Number of total orders**
* **Interval between trades**
* **Randomization logic (if enabled)**\
  are **not stored on-chain**, nor embedded in any public contract.

Instead, these parameters are kept **off-chain in Brahma’s backend database**, and are linked to each user’s TWAP via a **Policy Hash**, which is used to match and execute the automation. This policy hash is not the transaction hash—it is a backend identifier tied to the user's specific automation settings.

Because these settings aren’t on-chain, an external observer cannot know whether a trade is the first, last, or one of many in a series—**unless the user shares this information publicly**.

**Randomization as a Future Mitigation (v1.1)**

Randomization of execution—such as:

* Varying the time interval between trades slightly
* Varying the size of each order
* Introducing controlled jitter to execution timing

...is the **most effective defense** against predictable execution patterns and frontrunning. These features are currently in development for v1.1 and would obscure predictable trade behavior even further, making it materially harder for adversaries to anticipate execution schedules.

> **Note:** This level of protection is not present in many on-chain TWAP systems, including those used by major providers like Jupiter.

**Practical Takeaway**

While the current system ensures that **key parameters remain private**, users should still understand that **predictability of execution timing** can be a vector for frontrunning—especially in thin markets. Until randomization is deployed, users are advised to:

* Avoid using TWAP for extremely large orders on low-liquidity assets with exact intervals
* Break up orders across broader timeframes
* Monitor impact manually or combine with other execution strategies where necessary


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